Table 1 Baseline characteristics of studies included in our analysis

Agachan et al. 2003 [18]

63

35

6

104

0.15

60

20

1

81

0.22

Turkey

PCR

Ashavaid et al. 2000 [19]

91

14

0

105

0.54

159

33

0

192

1.70

India

PCR-RFLP

Bautista et al. 2008 [20]

222

33

0

255

1.22

207

23

1

231

0.17

The USA

PCR

Bayramoglu et al. 2015 [21]

123

19

0

142

0.73

104

4

0

108

0.04

Turkey

PCR

Castellano et al. 1996 [22]

41

37

4

82

1.45

42

50

16

108

0.03

Italy

PCR

Chandra et al. 2014 [9]

101

114

35

250

0.1

155

83

12

250

0.04

India

PCR-RFLP

Dzida et al. 2001 [23]

131

95

24

250

1.21

96

48

6

150

0.00

Poland

PCR

El-banawy et al. 2015 [24]

45

22

5

72

0.97

22

7

1

30

0.22

Egypt

PCR-RFLP

Farrag et al. 2011 [25]

39

1

0

40

0.01

12

3

0

15

0.19

Egypt

PCR-RFLP

Filigheddu et al. 2008 [26]

290

262

61

613

0.03

88

93

18

199

0.88

Italy

PCR-RFLP

Freitas et al. 2007 [27]

60

29

1

90

1.52

58

45

12

115

0.54

Brazil

PCR-RFLP

Hannila-Handelberg et al. 2010 [28]

90

49

6

145

0.04

103

62

9

174

0.01

Finland

PCR

Jiang et al. 2009 [29]

201

19

0

220

0.45

212

23

0

235

0.62

China

PCR

Jinmin et al. 2013 [30]

83

20

1

104

0.03

129

19

2

150

1.66

China

PCR-RFLP

Kato et al. 2000 [31]

701

132

6

839

0.01

525

103

3

631

0.74

Japan

PCR-RFLP

Kim et al. 2015 [32]

489

48

1

538

0.02

167

27

1

195

0.01

Korea

PCR-RFLP

Kooffreh et al. 2013 [33]

605

7

0

612

0.02

606

6

0

612

0.01

Nigeria

PCR-RFLP

Kretowski et al. 2007 [34]

107

131

28

266

1.71

87

79

18

184

0.00

Colorado

PCR

Kurbanova and Eliseyeva 2010 [35]

122

48

2

172

1.32

41

19

0

60

2.12

Uzbekistan

PCR-RFLP

Lapierre et al. 2006 [36]

24

12

1

37

0.12

22

3

0

25

0.10

Argentina

PCR-RFLP

Lesage et al. 1997 [37]

35

36

3

74

2.87

64

47

9

120

0.01

France

PCR

Liu et al. 2002 [38]

420

26

0

446

0.4

277

25

0

302

0.56

China

PCR-RFLP

Lozinsky 2016 [39]

43

74

33

150

0.01

83

39

6

128

0.26

Ukraine

PCR-RFLP

Mehri et al. 2011 [40]

26

29

8

63

0

17

24

14

55

0.85

Tunisia

PCR

Morisawa et al. 2001 [41]

104

26

1

131

0.21

150

23

2

175

1.04

Japan

PCR-RFLP

Nie et al. 2010 [42]

445

64

1

510

0.69

452

56

2

510

0.04

China

PCR-RFLP

Onna et al. 2004 [43]

79

65

10

154

0.49

104

77

17

198

0.26

Netherlands

PCR

Ono et al. 2003 [44]

1259

224

9

1492

0.08

2071

335

17

2423

0.73

Japan

PCR

Parchwani et al. 2018 [45]

66

100

58

224

2.52

100

115

42

257

0.84

India

PCR-RFLP

Patnaik et al. 2014 [46]

200

36

4

240

2.36

157

13

0

170

0.27

India

PCR-RFLP

Saab et al. 2011 [47]

31

64

29

124

0.13

83

52

11

146

0.50

Lebanon

PCR-RFLP

Schmidt et al. 1997 [48]

215

168

31

414

0.05

81

76

15

172

0.23

Germany

PCR

Shahin et al. 2014 [49]

67

37

4

108

0.16

64

32

6

102

0.54

Jordan

PCR-RFLP

Shamaa et al. 2016 [50]

55

21

7

83

2.54

53

7

0

60

0.23

Egypt

PCR-RFLP

Soualmia et al. 2014 [51]

254

119

15

388

0.05

277

131

20

428

0.78

Tunisia

PCR-RFLP

Stankovic et al. 2003 [52]

52

40

8

100

0.01

109

74

15

198

0.24

Serbia

PCR

Szombathy et al. 1998 [53]

26

18

4

48

0.12

23

19

6

48

0.43

Hungary

PCR-RFLP

Takami et al. 1998 [54]

261

56

4

321

0.25

172

40

3

215

0.15

Japan

PCR

Tchelougou et al. 2015 [55]

195

7

0

202

0.06

197

7

0

204

0.06

Burkina Faso

PCR

Thomas et al. 2000 [56]

203

28

1

232

0

152

21

1

174

0.09

Hong Kong

PCR

Tiret et al. 1998 [57]

238

174

41

453

1.25

184

150

28

362

0.11

France

PCR

Tong et al. 2017 [58]

278

33

1

312

0

580

42

1

623

0.07

China

PCR

Tsai et al. 2003 [59]

379

29

1

409

0.31

270

16

0

286

0.24

Taiwan

PCR-RFLP

van den Born et al. 2007 [60]

102

42

3

147

0.31

97

35

7

139

2.45

Netherlands

PCR

Zhu et al. 2006 [61]

116

33

1

150

0.68

94

6

0

100

0.10

China

PCR-RFLP