Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion (I/D) gene polymorphism in Iraqi type 2 diabetic patients: association with the risk of cardiac autonomic neuropathy

Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics

Table 2 Cardiovascular autonomic tests of the study population

Test		DM n = 142	Controls n = 100	p value
HR response (E:I ratio)	Abnormal	71 (50%)	4 (4%)	< 0.001‡
HR response (E:I ratio)	Normal	71 (50%)	96 (96%)	< 0.001‡
HR response (30:15 ratio)	Abnormal	60 (42.25%)	1 (1%)	< 0.001‡
HR response (30:15 ratio)	Normal	82 (55.75%)	99 (99%)	< 0.001‡
BP response to standing	Abnormal	35 (24.65%)	0 (0%)	< 0.001‡
BP response to standing	Normal	107 (75.35%)	100 (100%)	< 0.001‡
BP response to sustained handgrip	Abnormal	21 (14.79%)	0 (0%)	< 0.001‡
BP response to sustained handgrip	Normal	121 (85.21%)	100 (100%)	< 0.001‡

DM diabetes mellitus, HR heart rate, E:I expiration:inspiration, BP blood pressure, ‡ chi-square