Table 2 Animal models studies that evaluated the effect of FA on CLP formation
From: Effect of folic acid on animal models, cell cultures, and human oral clefts: a literature review
Author, year of publication | Sample | FA dose/time of treatment | Conclusion | Authors’ judgment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Paros and Beck, 1999 [27] | Pregnant mice: 19 experimental 9 controls | 12 mg/24 h, during gestation days 8, 5–9, 5 | FA administered continuously during the critical period ofdevelopment, reduces CLP frequency. | This study shows the associationbetween folates and theprevention of CLP. |
Bienengraber et al. 2001 [24] | Pregnant rats: 11 experimental 3 controls | 9.06 μM from day 14–17 post-conception,depending on the assigned group | Percentage of complete CP was significantly lower in theFA group (4 %) compared to the percentage observed inthe non-folate group (53 %). | Indicates a protective effect ofFA against CP. |
Burgoon et al. 2002 [7] | Female mice: 21 experimental 39 controls | 0.09–4.53 μM/kg diet, 4 weeks before mating | 80% of the mice fed with FA-deficient diet had CP,compared with 37% of those that consumed a diet with4.53 μM/kg. | Shows evidence of the protectiveeffect of FA against CP. |
Reynolds et al. 2003 [8] | Female mice: 30–36 experimental 10–12 control | 9.06–6.79 μM/kg of body weight, on gestationday 8–11 depending on the assigned group | FA decreases the incidence of CP to 6.3%, while Metreduces the incidence to 5.7%; the FA + Met group didnot present CP. | FA prevents the formation of CP. |
Yao et al. 2011 [25] | Female adult miceexplanted palates: 32 experimental 8 control | 100 μM for 72 h | FA allows the development and fusion of the palateinhibited by retinoic acid. | FA inhibits CP formation inducedby retinoic acid. |
Scheller et al. 2013 [28] | 150 female mice Experimental group:761 fetuses | No FA applied. FA concentration wasdetermined in the blood and amniotic fluidof the dams | The reduced availability of certain subgroups of vitamin B(B1, B5, and FA) in the amniotic fluid and serum wasrelated to an increase in the appearance of clefts inA/WySn mice. | This finding confirms that FA isessential in preventing clefts. |
Kriangkrai et al. 2017 [26] | Rat explanted embryos | 100 μM for 18 h | FA decreases the teratogenic effects of 13-cis-retinoic acidin tissues of the middle facial process. | Pretreatment with FA exhibitsbeneficial effects on CLPprevention. |