|
Polyphenols: Propyl gallate, Epigallocathecin
|
parkin
|
Improved lifespan and attenuated climbing defects
|
Inhibits ROS accumulation and prevents iron induced neurotoxicity
|
[158, 160]
|
|
Zinc chloride
|
parkin
|
Improved lifespan and locomotor ability
|
Impedes ROS-induced apoptosis
|
[165]
|
|
Nicotine
|
parkin
|
Improved lifespan, viability, locomotor ability and reduced olfactory deficits
|
Promotes activity of complex I and reduces the production of ROS via the ETS
|
[168, 179]
|
|
Minocycline
|
parkin
|
Improved lifespan and locomotor ability
|
Protects against iron and paraquat induced toxicity and scavenges ROS
|
[166]
|
|
Folic acid
|
parkin
|
Improved lifespan and locomotor ability
|
Downregulates p53, PGC1α and ATP levels (promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and ROS clearance)
|
[163]
|
|
Sulforaphane
|
parkin
|
Suppressed dopaminergic neuron loss
|
Stimulates Nrf2 induced transcription of antioxidant enzymes
|
[161, 162]
|
|
Resveratrol /Grape skin extract (GSE)
|
pink1
|
Improved lifespan, wing posture, locomotor ability and larval mitochondrial morphology
|
Upregulates p62 receptor expression and mitophagy
|
[170]
|
|
Ginseng protein
|
pink1
|
Improved wing posture, locomotor ability and suppressed dopaminergic neuron loss
|
Triggers unfolded protein response (promotes mitochondrial biogenesis) and protects against rotenone/paraquat induced toxicity
|
[171]
|
|
Mucuna pruriens
|
pink1
|
Improved SOD and GSH levels
|
Increases clearance of ROS by upregulating antioxidant enzyme activity
|
[167]
|
|
Recombinant SOD1 + Vitamin E
|
pink1
|
Reduced ommatidial and retinal degeneration and suppressed dopaminergic neuron loss
|
Protects against ROS-induced cell death (scavenges ROS)
|
[180]
|
|
Vitamin K2
|
pink1
|
Improved locomotor ability and larval mitochondrial morphology
|
Acts as an ETS carrier analogous to ubiquinone and thereby promotes oxidative phosphorylation
|
[169]
|
