Table 1 Therapeutic compounds/extracts tested in Drosophila PINK1/Parkin models

Polyphenols: Propyl gallate, Epigallocathecin

parkin

Improved lifespan and attenuated climbing defects

Inhibits ROS accumulation and prevents iron induced neurotoxicity

[158, 160]

Zinc chloride

parkin

Improved lifespan and locomotor ability

Impedes ROS-induced apoptosis

[165]

Nicotine

parkin

Improved lifespan, viability, locomotor ability and reduced olfactory deficits

Promotes activity of complex I and reduces the production of ROS via the ETS

[168, 179]

Minocycline

parkin

Improved lifespan and locomotor ability

Protects against iron and paraquat induced toxicity and scavenges ROS

[166]

Folic acid

parkin

Improved lifespan and locomotor ability

Downregulates p53, PGC1α and ATP levels (promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and ROS clearance)

[163]

Sulforaphane

parkin

Suppressed dopaminergic neuron loss

Stimulates Nrf2 induced transcription of antioxidant enzymes

[161, 162]

Resveratrol /Grape skin extract (GSE)

pink1

Improved lifespan, wing posture, locomotor ability and larval mitochondrial morphology

Upregulates p62 receptor expression and mitophagy

[170]

Ginseng protein

pink1

Improved wing posture, locomotor ability and suppressed dopaminergic neuron loss

Triggers unfolded protein response (promotes mitochondrial biogenesis) and protects against rotenone/paraquat induced toxicity

[171]

Mucuna pruriens

pink1

Improved SOD and GSH levels

Increases clearance of ROS by upregulating antioxidant enzyme activity

[167]

Recombinant SOD1 + Vitamin E

pink1

Reduced ommatidial and retinal degeneration and suppressed dopaminergic neuron loss

Protects against ROS-induced cell death (scavenges ROS)

[180]

Vitamin K₂

pink1

Improved locomotor ability and larval mitochondrial morphology

Acts as an ETS carrier analogous to ubiquinone and thereby promotes oxidative phosphorylation

[169]