Table 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study subjects

Gender (Male:Female)

75:65

62:78

60:80

0.91

Age (years)

56.2 ± 5.7

55.5 ± 6.6

55.1 ± 6.8

0.44

BMI (kg/m²)

24.0 ± 4.1

24.0 ± 3.4

24.2 ± 3.5

0.56

Diabetes duration (years)

3–5 years

38

32

–

5–10 years

34(11.4 ± 4.0)

46 (11 ± 3.8)

–

0.45

 > 10 years

68

62

–

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

156.0 ± 12.7

151.1 ± 4.3

87.9 ± 8.9

 < 0.001

Postprandial glucose (mg/dL)

171.3 ± 53.3

164.8 ± 42.7

118.9 ± 12.3

 < 0.001

HbA1c (%)

9.0 ± 2.2

8.9 ± 1.9

7.8 ± 2.0

0.68

Protein-to-creatinine ratio ( mg/g)

62.8 ± 5.7

54.3 ± 2.5

32.4 ± 1.23

 < 0.001

Serum creatinine (mg/dL)

2.80 ± 2.7

0.9 ± 0.24

0.8 ± 0.15

 < 0.001

HDL (mg/dl)

64.1 ± 15.9

61.05 ± 18.08

49 ± 15.7

0.08

LDL (mg/dl)

97.2 ± 29.2

95.1 ± 30.3

93.6 ± 31.0

0.96

eGFR (ml/min)

55 ± 13.1

101.1 ± 12.3

130.8 ± 16.0

 < 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

145.7 ± 5.5

135.08 ± 7.1

113 ± 7.3

 < 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

104.8 ± 4.9

90.3 ± 5.2

75.2 ± 5.4

 < 0.001