Morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 negatively associated with the frequency of consanguineous marriages, an ecologic study

Saadat, Mostafa

doi:10.1186/s43042-022-00218-8

Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics

Table 1 Prevalence and mortality of COVID-19 (at four time points), α-value and human development index (HDI) in 65 countries used in the study

From: Morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 negatively associated with the frequency of consanguineous marriages, an ecologic study

Country	α (× 10^–4)	HDI	Prevalence (per 10⁶ people)				Mortality (per 10⁶ people)				Number of diagnostic tests performed (per 10⁶ people)
Country	α (× 10^–4)	HDI	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV
Afghanistan	277	0.511	1334	1418	3837	3893	56	62	178	181	5090	8335	18,818	19,232
Argentina	3	0.845	35,801	49,128	113,525	115,468	952	1197	2448	2533	105,970	181,382	484,192	543,219
Australia	1	0.944	1107	1135	2084	6189	35	35	39	64	438,894	587,753	1,220,092	1,635,789
Bahrain	165	0.852	53,547	77,161	153,973	155,486	203	283	784	783	1,367,218	1,941,619	3,352,349	3,837,157
Bangladesh	45	0.632	3103	3418	9007	9398	46	52	157	167	19,500	26,336	53,592	61,392
Belgium	3	0.931	55,466	70,774	101,543	113,449	1674	1946	2178	2220	594,130	888,169	1,600,817	1,814,678
Bolivia	3	0.718	13,475	22,309	41,361	42,915	778	1021	1554	1591	35,029	70,567	192,444	211,825
Brazil	21	0.765	35,983	55,594	96,949	101,310	914	1360	2709	2824	134,070	133,871	265,480	297,262
Canada	4	0.929	15,337	24,410	39,320	44,597	412	596	706	755	363,376	694,395	1,063,272	1,198,495
Chile	6	0.851	31,719	47,733	84,874	87,082	865	1148	1913	1949	336,033	541,582	1,050,216	1,200,325
China	27	0.761	60	63	66	67	3	3	3	3	111,163	111,163	111,163	111,163
Colombia	35	0.767	32,113	45,337	95,296	96,764	845	1205	2425	2463	159,013	237,702	469,190	514,898
Costa Rica	11	0.810	33,087	41,328	90,075	108,078	427	565	1069	1355	96,770	147,838	389,729	489,646
Croatia	1	0.851	51,519	62,543	91,762	109,531	958	1405	2045	2225	249,025	357,598	624,180	745,949
Cuba	5	0.783	1048	5754	57,680	83,672	13	34	469	724	130,412	242,869	701,100	917,622
Czech Republic	1	0.900	67,054	135,193	156,464	161,273	1087	2269	2833	2853	352,869	980,182	3,346,877	3,720,067
Ecuador	13	0.759	11,954	17,363	27,915	28,656	789	920	1796	1831	42,113	61,332	98,334	106,401
Egypt	123	0.707	1337	1872	2758	3104	74	111	160	175	9681	9643	29,344	35,220
El Salvador	14	0.673	7068	9606	14,681	17,198	205	303	447	548	95,594	123,973	184,668	206,332
France	2	0.901	40,100	63,962	103,385	108,872	989	1402	1749	1795	535,994	894,795	1,906,567	2,309,763
Guinea	131	0.477	1031	1387	2178	2253	6	8	25	28	7995	12,430	39,642	41,545
Honduras	11	0.634	12,203	18,050	33,581	37,026	314	439	882	1009	30,696	48,518	96,817	106,821
Hungary	1	0.854	33,428	57,021	84,339	88,337	989	1850	3121	3175	275,409	435,797	682,588	757,183
India	238	0.645	7417	8315	23,507	24,468	107	115	315	326	124,060	166,492	373,653	429,788
Indonesia	95	0.718	2703	5262	14,771	15,291	81	143	480	516	26,748	43,419	116,350	163,285
Iran	185	0.783	14,493	21,075	58,563	68,712	653	727	1265	1468	89,515	142,043	330,974	381,937
Iraq	225	0.674	14,636	19,204	45,751	49,457	315	341	505	555	111,811	185,560	347,760	379,122
Ireland	1	0.955	18,483	46,072	70,462	86,168	451	919	1018	1072	478,239	763,477	1,282,683	1,576,220
Italy	4	0.892	34,877	55,174	75,217	78,610	1227	1726	2141	2185	440,252	765,907	1,392,283	1,678,211
Japan	13	0.919	1824	3587	11,652	13,630	27	69	127	144	38,422	72,856	172,729	207,359
Jordan	200	0.729	28,720	50,749	77,234	82,527	374	555	1009	1061	309,687	525,879	896,743	1,042,639
Kuwait	205	0.806	35,002	50,188	94,351	94,765	217	280	557	565	291,671	452,251	871,679	1,085,320
Lebanon	91	0.744	26,653	63,838	88,701	94,036	216	833	1186	1247	292,040	495,158	700,912	704,511
Libya	209	0.724	14,495	21,670	44,266	50,646	214	358	608	719	78,997	117,011	218,213	252,516
Malaysia	47	0.810	3469	10,105	53,161	74,034	14	38	507	866	102,668	216,935	691,764	1,019,218
Mexico	1	0.779	10,909	16,799	25,602	28,944	964	1514	1981	2191	27,751	44,955	74,504	85,806
Mongolia	63	0.737	368	1405	64,025	104,733	0	2	281	498	181,857	634,290	1,092,266	1,203,868
Morocco	89	0.686	11,828	13,192	23,008	25,193	199	235	338	390	120,046	157,123	239,820	267,224
Nepal	203	0.602	8864	9345	25,639	27,150	63	102	361	381	65,733	75,594	131,621	146,752
Netherlands	1	0.944	46,460	69,164	112,990	121,495	666	947	1048	1066	336,388	406,153	965,933	1,046,785
Nigeria	242	0.539	420	770	907	992	6	10	12	14	4543	8030	13,108	15,500
Norway	2	0.957	9107	15,691	29,279	36,774	80	119	149	163	512,352	783,127	1,312,037	1,475,055
Oman	169	0.813	24,920	28,688	57,501	57,645	290	312	773	779	110,512	298,161	294,829	4,737,668
Pakistan	282	0.557	2151	2765	5136	5603	45	61	114	125	30,023	43,276	78,612	90,633
Panama	6	0.815	56,749	80,269	104,123	107,102	925	1383	1607	1660	300,323	471,752	834,635	915,784
Peru	16	0.777	30,574	43,595	64,168	65,414	1135	1498	5918	5959	166,330	258,036	499,973	560,933
Philippines	3	0.718	4297	5859	17,881	24,766	84	117	301	376	61,243	86,269	168,302	203,555
Portugal	9	0.864	40,630	80,255	102,138	106,861	678	1647	1746	1786	548,976	857,034	1,672,408	1,934,376
Qatar	275	0.848	51,226	61,506	82,892	84,992	87	97	214	217	442,127	589,354	892,029	996,997
Saudi Arabia	223	0.854	10,339	10,917	15,361	15,434	177	187	241	247	313,818	413,298	774,341	847,162
Singapore	20	0.938	9977	10,227	11,453	29,745	5	5	9	56	923,868	1,369,279	3,010,388	3,496,485
Slovakia	1	0.860	32,877	63,379	72,294	83,731	392	1628	2297	2364	261,676	410,607	607,648	706,312
Slovenia	3	0.917	58,775	98,349	128,506	154,195	1297	1905	2140	2257	324,385	480,333	695,973	813,725
South Africa	16	0.709	17,713	25,658	46,157	48,428	477	870	1367	1475	110,737	160,173	273,773	304,837
Spain	6	0.904	41,415	68,687	103,794	106,934	1087	1559	1803	1864	577,712	879,117	1,295,942	1,415,474
Sri Lanka	92	0.782	2018	4167	20,462	24,924	10	25	427	633	57,607	105,902	225,629	249,927
Sweden	3	0.945	43,172	73,369	110,770	114,515	861	1307	1440	1469	421,728	653,331	1,155,756	1,278,224
Tunisia	213	0.740	11,711	20,558	55,510	59,412	394	714	1960	2100	51,829	88,741	216,642	254,282
Turkey	74	0.820	26,047	34,966	74,809	92,124	246	351	664	811	288,986	423,309	895,106	1,109,007
United Arab Emirates	223	0.890	20,886	43,770	71,627	73,590	67	143	204	212	2,099,449	3,499,933	7,455,727	9,112,446
UK	2	0.932	36,564	62,895	99,406	128,883	1080	1849	1940	2042	806,468	1,650,892	3,950,983	4,762,083
Uruguay	9	0.817	5494	22,514	110,367	112,427	52	218	1729	1740	183,955	344,737	958,295	1,081,873
USA	1	0.926	61,604	91,537	120,368	139,161	1067	1667	1974	2272	763,725	1,165,212	1,753,221	2,069,420
Venezuela	7	0.711	3999	5256	11,828	14,164	36	52	142	170	85,033	107,288	118,517	118,568
Yemen	215	0.470	70	106	257	316	20	24	48	60	577	575	8272	8644

I, II, III and IV means four time points of data collections December 2020; March, August and October 2021, respectively

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