Table 1 List of CSF, pathology and plasma biomarkers of NPH

Aβ 42, Aβ 38, and Aβ 40 sAPPa, sAPPb, p-tau, and total-tau protein

Decreased in NPH patients compared to healthy controls and non-NPH patients

[10,11,12,13,14,15]

Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio

Decreased only in AD, while it is within the normal range in NPH and vascular dementia

[21]

NFL

Increased in NPH compared to healthy controls

[24,25,26,27]

NFL, Aβ42, t-tau, and NG

Decreased in NPH patients compared to subcortical ischemic vascular disease

[29]

MBP

Increased in NPH, neurovascular diseases, MS, and other neurometabolic disorders

[26, 31, 32]

LRG

Increased in NPH, compared to healthy controls/increased in PDD and PSP compared to NPH and AD patients

[34, 35]

TGF-β1 and IL-1β

Decreased in NPH patients compared to AD

[41, 42]

IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 (anti-inflammatory cytokine)

Increased in NPH,AD and PD

[44, 45]

MCP-1

Increased in NPH compared to healthy controls

[10, 48]

AQ4

Decreased in NPH compared to healthy controls

[52]

PTPRQ

Increased in NPH compared to AD

[53]

Glycerate, serine, and 2-hydroxybutyrate

Lower level of glycerate and higher levels of N-acetylneuraminate, serine, and 2-hydroxybutyrate in NPH than AD

[54]