Skip to main content
Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics
Fig. 3 | Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics

Fig. 3

From: Association of OPRM1 with addiction: a review on drug, alcohol and smoking addiction in worldwide population

Fig. 3

Chronic amphetamine and its related signalling pathway: Ethanol also affects the production of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV), a protein kinase whose major function is to activate CREB, resulting in CREB phosphorylation in the NAC. When D1 cAMP-PKA signalling is activated, not only CREB, but also DARPP-32, a 32-kDa protein produced mostly in synaptic neurons, is phosphorylated. Nicotine's central effect is mediated by the nicotine acetylcholine nACh receptor. Vesicular GABA transmitter transports GABA neurons to synaptic vesicles in normal conditions (VGAT). GABA's action is mediated via the GABAA receptor. Chloride ions channel (OCl2-), calcium ions channel (OCa2+) and sodium ions channel (Na+) are all present in the GABAA receptor in the postsynaptic cell

Back to article page