Table 2 Studies methodology
Study, Year | Design | Intervention | Session duration and frequency | VR equipment | VR type | Control | Session frequency and duration | Length | Follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chen et al. [32] 2012 Taiwan | RCT | VR | VR: 40 min/day 3d/w | ElotonSimCycle Virtual Cycling System | Commercially available | General physical activity at home | –- | 12w |  |
Ramstrand and Lygnegåd [33] 2012 Sweden | Crossover RCT | VR | 30 min. 5d/w | Wii Nintendo | Commercially available | No intervention | – | 5w | – |
Rostami et al. [34] 2012 Iran | SB-RCT | VR + CT | VR: 90 min. 3d/w CT: 30 min. 2d/w | E-Link Evaluation and Exercise System | Engineer-build | CT | 30 min. 2d/w | 4w | 3 m |
CIMT + CT | CIMT: 90 min. 3d/w CT: 30 min. 2d/w | ||||||||
VR + CIMT + CT | VR: 90 min. 3d/w CIMT: 90 min. 3d/w CT: 30 min. 2d/w | ||||||||
Druzibicki et al.* [35] 2013 Poland | RCT | Robotic-assisted gait training | 45 min 20 sessions | Lokomat | Engineer-built | Individual exercises | 20 sessions | 4 w | – |
Individual exercises | 20 sessions | ||||||||
Chiu et al. [36] 2014 Taiwan | Prospective SB-RCT | VR + CT | VR: 40 min. 3d/w CT: – 3d/w | Home-based Wii Sports Resort | Commercially available | CT | – 3d/w | 6w | 12w |
Gilliaux et al. [37] 2015 Belgium | SB-RCT | VR + CT | VR: 45 min. 2d/w CT: 45 min. 3d/w | REA Plan | Engineer-build | CT | 45 min. 3d/w | 8w | – |
James et al. [38] 2015 Australia | RCT | VR + Standard Care | 20–30 min. 6d/w | Internet-connected Computer | Commercially available | Standard Care | – | 20w | – |
Greeco et al. [39] 2015 Brazil | DB-RCT | Gait training with VR combined with anodal tDCS | 20Â min 5Â s/w 2 w 10 sessions | Kinect program (Xbox 360) | Commercially available | Gait training with VR combined with sham tDCS | 20Â min. 5Â s/w 2 w 10 sessions | 3 w | 7 w |
Zoccolillo et al. [40] 2015 Italy | Crossover RCT | VR | 30 min. 2d/w | Xbox with Kinect device | Commercially available | CT | 30 min. 2d/w | 8w | – |
Cho et al. [41] 2016 Korea | RCT | VR Treadmill training | 30 min. 3d/w | Wii Nintendo | Commercially available | Treadmill training | 30 min. 3d/w | 8w | – |
General P.T | 30Â min. 3d/w | General P.T | 30Â min. 3d/w | ||||||
Acar et al. [42] 2016 Turkey | RCT | VR + NDT | VR: 15 min. 2d/w CT: 30 min. 2d/w | Wii Nintendo | Commercially available | CT | 45 min. 2d/w | 6w | – |
Bedair et al. [44] 2016 Egypt | RCT | VR + CT | VR: 30 min. 3d/w CT: 60 min. 3d/w | Xbox | Commercially available | CT | 60 min – | 4 m | – |
Ürgen et al. [43] 2016 Turkey | RCT | VR | 45 min. 2d/w | Nintendo Wii-Fit | Commercially available | Routine P.T | 2d/ w | 9 W | – |
Routine P.T | 2d/ w | ||||||||
Uysal and Baltaci [45] 2016 Turkey | SB-RCT | VR | 30 min. 2d/w | Wii Nintendo | Commercially available | Routine P.T | 45 min. 2d/w | 12w | – |
Routine P.T | 45Â min. 2d/w | ||||||||
Tarakci et al. [34] 2016 Turkey | RCT | VR | 20 min. 2d/w | Wii-Fit Gaming console | Commercially available | NDT + conventional balance training | 20 min. 2d/w | 12w | – |
30Â min. 2d/w | |||||||||
Wallard et al. [46] 2017 France | RCT | Robotic-assisted gait training | 40 min. 5 s/w | Lokomat®Pediatric | Engineer-built | P.T | 40 min daily | 4 w | – |
Lazzari et al. [47] 2017 Brazil | DB-RCT | VR combined with active tDCs | 20Â min. 5d/w | Xbox 360 console with the kinetic movement sensor | Commercially available | VR combined with sham tDCs | 20Â min. 5d/w | 2w | 1Â month |
Gatica Rojas et al.* [48] 2017 Chile | Matched Pairs RCT | VR | 30Â min. 3d/w | Wii-Fit Plus with Nitnendo Wii-Balance Board | Commercially available | Standard P.T | 40Â min. 3d/w | 6w | 8th w 10th w |
Sajan et al. [49] 2017 India | Pilot, Parallel group RCT | VR + Rehab | VR: 45 min. 6d/w CT: 5 h 15 min. 6d/w | Wii Nintendo | Commercially available | Rehab | 6 h. 6d/w | 3w | – |