Table 2 Relation between various genotypes of the ACE (I/D) and risk factors among GDM and controls

Age (years)

M + SD

Controls

30.69 ± 4.17/29.57 ± 2.16

0.578/0.413

GDM

30.32 ± 5.47/30.19 ± 6.04

Duration (weeks)

M + SD

Controls

23.35 ± 3.67/24.86 ± 3.77

0.120/0.431

GDM

24.32 ± 4.62/24.24 ± 3.94

BMI (kg/m²)

M + SD

Controls

27.72 ± 4.69/24.14 ± 2.62

0.001*/0.001*

GDM

32.13 ± 5.48/33.53 ± 8.41

Family history

N (%)

Controls

(No, Yes)

95 (73.1), 35 (26.9)

25 (71.4), 10 (28.6)

0.001*

0.017*

GDM

(No, Yes)

28 (36.8), 48 (63.2)

40 (47.6), 44 (52.4)

Abortion history

N (%)

Controls

(No, Yes)

86 (66.2), 44(33.8)

30 (85.7), 5 (14.3)

0.050*

0.042*

GDM

(No, Yes)

60 (78.9), 16 (21.1)

56 (67.5), 27 (32.5)

Hypertension

N (%)

Controls

(No, Yes)

130 (100), 0 (0.0)

30 (85.7), 5 (14.3)

0.001*

0.535

GDM

(No, Yes)

64 (84.2), 12 (15.8)

68 (81.0), 16 (19.0)

Glucose

M + SD

Controls

77.5 ± 7.32/77.88 ± 10.23

0.0001*/0.0001*

GDM

106.5 ± 0/129.76 ± 54.55

HBA1c

M + SD

Controls

5.96 ± 0.23/5.79 ± 0.27

0.0001*/0.0001*

GDM

11.0 ± 1.68/8.0 ± 1.9

Insulin

M + SD

Controls

11.10 ± 1.56/9.15 ± 1.23

0.0001*/0.0001*

GDM

31.10 + 0/31.46 ± 12.04

HOMA-IR

M + SD

Controls

2.12 ± 0.28/1.74 ± 0.16

0.0001*/0.0001*

GDM

3.38 ± 0.55/9.94 ± 5.45