Fig. 3
From: The importance of personalized medicine in chronic myeloid leukemia management: a narrative review
BCR-ABL-independent mechanisms, a number of mechanisms contribute to this process, such as signaling pathways leading to cell growth, changes in the activity of ABC and other transporters, clonal evolution, polymorphisms of cytochrome p450 isoenzymes, changes in telomere length and telomerase activity, and epigenetic changes. Abbreviations PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Akt, protein kinase B, also known as Ak strain transforming (Akt); Ras, rat sarcoma virus; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; Jak2, janus kinase 2; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; PKC, protein kinase C; SFK, Src family kinase-LYN; IL-3, interleukin 3; CH3 and ME, methyl group; AC, acetyl group FOXO1, forkhead Box O1; PRKCH, protein kinase C eta protein; hOCT1, human organic cation transporter 1; ABC transporters, ATP-binding cassette transporters