Skip to main content
Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics
Download PDF

In vitro anticancer activity of hydatid cyst fluid on colon cancer cell line (C26)

Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics volume 24, Article number: 15 (2023) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Colon cancer is the third most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of death from cancer. Some parasites are introduced as an antineoplastic agents that can inhibit the progress of some cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of crude hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) on clone cancer cell line (C26).

Methods

HCF was isolated from hydatid cysts by syringe, and at the first, its toxicity was obtained by 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometer, and also the expression of Bcl-2 Associated X-protein (BAX) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) genes was measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR.

Results

The amount of apoptosis was increased in B antigen-treated cell lines in comparison with the control group. Also, the expression of BAX was increased in the treated group, while the BCL2 expression was decreased in comparison with the control one. Cell cycle analysis in the antigen-treated group compared to the other groups showed that the cells were more in the G0/G1 phase, as well as in the G2/M phase, and fewer cells were in the synthesis phase.

Conclusion

Our finding showed that HCF possibly contains active compounds and can limit the growth and development of C26 cell line by reducing or increasing the genes involved in apoptosis and finally the effect on the cell cycle.

Graphical Abstract

Introduction

Cancer is still a major hazard to health, even after much research works worldwide. Colon cancer is the third most common cancer in the world, and the fourth leading cause of death from cancer. About 60% of patients with colon cancer are stage II/III disease and surgery is the only treatment for these patients [1]. The current therapies for cancer patients are radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and eventually surgery. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy destroy normal cells with many side effects and also drug resistance and recurrence cause a poor prognosis in the treatment [2, 3]. Humans have always looked for less risky ways to treat cancers with higher efficiency [4, 5]. Several infectious causes of cancer in humans are Helicobacter pylori bacterium, the human papilloma viruses (HPV), and the hepatitis B and C viruses [6, 7], but it has been hypothesized that some parasitic infections may develop innate immune responses that show antineoplastic activity. Retrospective studies show that in patients with hydatid disease, the prevalence of cancer is significantly lower than in normal ones [8]. A hydatid cyst contains the larvae of the Echinococcus granulosus, a parasitic tapeworm responsible for echinococcosis [9, 10]. The hydatid cyst fluid of E. granulosus is a mixture of glycoprotein and glycolipid, carbohydrates, cyclophilin, and ferritin [11]. HCF contains different antigens such as Antigen B (Ag B), Antigen A and 78 KDa fraction [12,13,14,15]. According to the literature, HCF can inhibit the growth of some cancers both in cell cultures and animal models [9, 14, 16,17,18]. Hydatid cyst antigens induced apoptosis on mouse breast cancer cells [4]. In fact, antigenic similarities between E. granulosus and some tumors have been shown, for example, mucin-type O-glycan antigens of some cancers are expressed by some helminth parasites [19]. The mentioned similarities are responsible for the induction of a cross-reactive immunity which could inhibit cancer growth [14]. Apoptosis, which is the programmed death of cells, is caused by condensation of nuclear chromatin, changes in the symmetry of membrane phosphatides, and enzymatic cutting of DNA, and finally, the division of cells into apoptotic components leads to cell death. BCL2 family proteins are the main regulators of apoptotic cell death and so far about 25 members of this family have been identified based on functional studies and protection of BH domains that contribute to BCL2 function in cell death and survival [20]. They are classified into three subgroups. One of these subgroups contains BH3 pro-apoptotic proteins, they can interact with anti-apoptotic proteins or pro-apoptotic members, and this subgroup can inhibit anti-apoptotic molecules or directly BAX pro-apoptotic to activating apoptosis induction. Although it is not fully understood how BCL2 family proteins regulate the apoptotic pathway, it has been shown that the biological functions of this protein family are dependent on protein–protein interactions. High expression of BCL2 gene in human cancers has led to cancer resistance to chemotherapy drugs that act by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Therefore, blocking BCL2 can restore the apoptosis process in cancer cells [21]. In this study, by examining the rate of apoptosis and genes of the apoptotic pathway, as well as cell cycle phase changes, the effect of Ag B on C26 cell line was investigated.

Materials and methods

HCF collection

HCF was collected from the livers of infected sheep at a slaughterhouse in Hamadan, Iran. At first, the cysts were examined for the presence of infection, as well as the presence of protoscolex, and cysts that had protoscolex and were also free of infection were included in the study. The fluid was aspirated by a syringe and needle and finally collected at − 20 °C [22].

Cell culture

Colon cancer (C26), human embryonic kidney (HEK293) and human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) cell lines were purchased from the National Cell Bank of Iran (Pasteur Institute, Tehran, Iran). Cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 ng/mL of streptomycin and 100 units/mL of penicillin and kept at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 incubator [23, 24].

Toxicity of HCF by MTT

About 5 × 103 C26 Cells/Well in culture medium was incubated in a 96-well plate for 24 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2. The HCF was added to the wells with concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 μM for 24 h, in the control group, DMEM with 10% FBS was added to the wells. Then, 5 mg/ml MTT solution was added to the parasite medium and incubated for 3–4 h in the humidity incubator. By adding 100 μl of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 25 μl of NaCl glycine buffer (pH 10.5) to the medium, formazan salt was dissolved, and finally, the amount of light absorption was measured at a wavelength of 570–570 nm with a spectrophotometer [25]. All the tests were performed in triplicate. The cell viability was calculated by ELISA Plate Reader at 570 nm with below formula:

$${\text{viability}} = \frac{{{\text{OD}}\;{\text{test}}}}{{{\text{OD}}\;{\text{control}}}} \times 100$$

Cell cycle analysis

By flow cytometry (Life Tech Attune NxT flow cytometer, German) method, the cell cycle can be examined in three main cellular phases (G1, S, G2/M). The mediums containing C26 three cell lines of C26, HEK293 and HCT116 were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 15 min, after draining of the supernatant, 5 ml of formalin 10% was added to the cells and incubated for 10 min at room temperature in the dark. After centrifugation and draining the supernatant, 0.1% Triton was added to the sediment containing C26 cells and incubated for 40 min in the dark at room temperature and then centrifuged and finally 3 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 2 μl RNAse and 2 μl Propidium Iodide (PI) were added to sediment and incubated for 30 min in the dark at room temperature and read by flow cytometry [26].

Apoptosis assay

The rate of cellular apoptosis in normal and cancer cells exposed to B antigen and non-exposed is measured and compared. Using the annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (V-FITC) apoptosis kit (eBioscience Annexin V Apoptosis Invitrogen Detection Kit FITC, Invitrogen by Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and flow cytometry method, apoptosis rates of three cell lines were determined in the presence of HCF [27]. The rate of apoptosis was estimated by the green fluorescence of annexin V-FITC-phosphatidylserine. After washing in PBS, 106 cells were rinsed and re-suspended in the 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer. After incubation at room temperature for 5–15 min in the dark, annexin V-FITC (5 μl) was added. Before the Flow cytometry analysis, PI Staining Solution (5 μl) was added to the cell suspension to detect necrotic cells [28, 29].

Gene expression of BAX and BCL2

To confirm the apoptosis process, the expression of the BAX and BCL2 genes in the C26 cells was determined. BAX is a pro-apoptotic gene and BCL2 is an anti-apoptotic gene and the GAPDH gene was considered as the reference gene [30]. The primers used in the study are as follows: (Table 1).

Table 1 The sequence of primers used for BAX, BCL2 and GAPDH genes
Full size table

RNA extraction from C26 cells exposed to antigen

At first C26, HCT116, and HEK239 cells were treated with 20 mM, 30 mM, and 30 mM of B antigen for 24 h, respectively. Then, 1 ml of cold RNX plus solution (Sinacolon Company, Iran) was added to the cell-containing microtube and pipetted several times, vortexed for 5–10 s, and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. In the next step, 200 μl of cold chloroform was added to the mixture. The mixture was vortexed for 15 s and then placed on ice for 5 min. It was then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min. The upper phase was transferred to another tube, and cold isopropanol was added with the same volume of the mixture. The mixture was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min to show RNA as a white plug at the bottom of the microtube. Isopropanol was then discarded and 1 cc of 75% ethanol was poured on it for washing. The mixture was centrifuged at 7500 rpm at 4 °C for 8 min. The supernatant was drained and the microtube was placed under the hood at room temperature to dry the ethanol. 50 μl of DEPC Water was added to the tube to dissolve the RNA precipitate [31]. The samples were placed in an incubator at 55 °C for 10 min to dissolve the RNA. Then, 2 µl of RNA was removed and used for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the extracted RNA. From this stage, the RNA must be stored on the ice to be used to make cDNA, and the rest of the RNA was stored at − 70 °C [32].

Quantitative evaluation of the extracted RNA

RNA concentration and purity were determined according to the optical absorption of the sample at 260 and 280 wavelengths using a NanoDrop device (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA). The absorption ratio of 260/280 indicates the purity and contamination of RNA [33].

cDNA synthesis from extracted RNA

cDNA was synthesized according to the protocol provided by Fermentase Company (K1631). At this stage, the RNA was converted to DNA during the reverse transcription reaction. To test all RNA samples, different volumes were taken everyone contain 2 µg of RNA and poured into a 0.2 ml RNase-free microtube on ice. Then, 1 μl of random hexamer primer was added to the microtube and the volume of the mixture reached 12 μl with nuclease-free water. Then, the mixture was mixed and spun and incubated at 65 °C for 5 min and immediately placed on ice, and the following ingredients were added to it, respectively: 1—Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTP) 10 mM (4 µl), 2—Reverse transcriptase enzyme (2 µl), 3—RNAase inhibitor (Ribolock) (2 µl) [34].

Determination of expression of BAX and BCL2 genes in prepared cDNA

The steps of qRT-PCR were performed by SYBR Green (YTA, Iran) and according to the method of the company. First, a master was prepared with the following concentration and components. For each sample, 10 μl of master mix and 7 μl of nuclease-free water were added to the microtube. Then, 1 μl of each of Forward and Reverse primers was added (the concentration of primers was 8 pmol). Finally, a volume of 1 μl of cDNAs was added to the strip tubes with a dilution of 1.10 and 19 μl of the master mix to a total volume of 20 μl. For the negative control sample, instead of cDNA, the same volume of nuclease-free water was added. Temperature cycles at different stages of qRT-PCR are specific to each gene and must be determined. The number of cycles in all reactions was considered 40 times. In this study, the GAPDH gene was used as a reference gene for normalization [35].

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Student's t tests, and the differences were statistically significant at P < 0.05. Data were reported as mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments [36].

Results

Toxicity of HCF by MTT

The IC50 of B antigen was measured for all three types of cancer cell lines. The IC50 for C26, HCT116 and HEK239 cell lines were calculated 20, 30 and 30 µM, respectively.

Cell cycle analysis

Results of flow cytometry showed the cell cycles in three main cellular phases (G1, S, G2/M). As the results of cell cycle analysis show, most of the cancer cell populations in C26 and HCT 116 cell lines were normally observed in the synthesis phase, which was significantly higher than other groups (C **, D **) (P < 0.05). While when these cell lines were exposed to B antigen, most of the cell population was in phase G0/G1 and (A ***, B ***) (P < 0.001) and the cell population was in division phase. Mitosis was significantly lower than in other groups (E ***, D ***) (P < 0.001) (Table 2).

Table 2 Results of cell cycle analysis in cell lines
Full size table

Apoptosis assay

According to Fig. 1. the amount of cell apoptosis in cancer cell lines are increased in Ag B-treated groups (HCT116, C26 and HEK293 cell lines) in comparison with the untreated group (P < 0.001) (Table 3) (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Survival of C 26, HCT 116 and HEK 239 cells exposed to different concentrations of HCF in 24 h

Full size image
Table 3 Results of apoptosis in different groups
Full size table
Fig. 2
figure 2

An example of a measurement of apoptosis in HCT116, C 26 and HEK293 cell lines exposed to HCF

Full size image

Gene expression of BAX and BCL 2

In HCF treated group, the expression level of BAX was increased nine times in comparison with control, while the level of BCL2 expression was decreased (Table 1, Fig. 3) (P < 0.001).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Gene expression of BAX and BCL2. (***P < 0.001)

Full size image

Discussion

Several helminths have been confirmed to be carcinogenic in humans, such as the liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverini (reason for cholangiocarcinoma) [37]. On the other hand, certain helminth infections could induce anticancer activities, such as the pork worm Trichinella spiralis, which protects infected mice against tumor growth and metastasis [38]. The relationship between E. granulosus and cancer has been unclear until an epidemiological study on patients with CE found a negative correlation between CE and solid tumors [8] and has led to a theory that infection of E. granulosus may cause a protective effect against cancer. Protoscolices in hydatid cysts (the larval stage of E. granulosus) could induce cell death in WEHI164 fibrosarcoma cell in vitro [39]. Moreover, vaccination with hydatid fluid induced tumor regression in mice with experimental C26 colon cancer [14]. Altogether, these evidence suggested that E. granulosus may show a protective effect against some cancer types in vitro and in vivo or the prevalence of cancer is significantly lower in people with hydatid infection than in normal ones [6]. Despite the great investigation of researchers, the mechanisms of the anticancer effect induced by E. granulosus are unknown [40]. Several probable mechanisms have been proposed, including the direct anticancer effect of parasite molecules and the indirect anticancer effect through stimulation of the host immune response. In the acute stage, the oncosphere releases EgKI-1 (Kunitz-type protease inhibitor) which potently null the neutrophil elastase and could inhibit some human cancers from growth and migration, probably through cell cycle disruption and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells, without affecting normal cell growth in vitro [41]. Meanwhile, the host immune system recognizes the mucin-type O-glycan of the parasite, which leads to activating innate and Th1-polarized immune responses, which are protective against cancer. But in the chronic stage, when the cyst dies or ruptures, the content will be released into liver or other infection sites which quickly activates innate immune system and converts Th2 response to Th1 response. The Th1 response is protective against cancer. Ag B, a potent neutrophil elastase inhibitor highly expressed in the hydatid cyst, may show an anticancer effect through inhibition of neutrophil elastase and neutrophil chemotaxis. In addition, the protoscolex may also have a role in the anticancer effect [40].

The indirect mechanism of anticancer effect is through activation of the host immune system. Cancer cells could activate innate and adaptive immunity the same as parasite infection [42]. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that parasites chronically with low-density infection may induce indirect anticancer activities by boosting the host immune system [39].

The similarity between several parasites antigens and certain cancer types has been also reported, mainly the cancer-associated mucin-type O-glycans [19], which causes crosstalk between parasites and carcinomas. In the case of E. granulosus, the initial evidence of common antigen came from a report in 1970s, which expressed that an immunoelectrophoresis test with hydatid fluid and serum of a patient with a pulmonary carcinoma led to an intense precipitin band [43].

The immunity induced by the parasite depends on infection stages: (1) during oncosphere invasion stage, a Th1-polarized response is dominant; (2) in the phase of cyst formation and growth, a Th2-polarized response will start; (3) when the cyst dies and ruptures, the Th2-polarized response will quickly replace by Th1-polarized response [44, 45]. It seems that the Th1-polarized response induced the anticancer effect at specific stages of infection [46]. Besides adaptive immunity, the studies also show natural killer cell activation, which indicates the role of innate immunity in the anticancer effect [47].

Conclusion

The findings of this study elucidate some of the mechanisms of the effect of hydatid cyst fluid antigens on the prevention of cancer cell progression, and our results clearly show some hypotheses about the effect of parasite antigens on cancer cells. It was shown that hydatid cyst fluid antigen can inhibit the progression of cancer cells by increasing the rate of apoptosis. Also, the HCF can inhibit genes that suppress apoptosis.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

C26:

Colon cancer

HCF:

Hydatid cyst fluid

MTT:

2,5-Diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide

BAX:

Bcl-2 Associated X-protein

BCL2:

B-cell lymphoma-2

qRT-PCR:

Quantitative reverse transcription PCR

Ag B:

Antigen B

HEK293:

Human embryonic kidney

HCT116:

Human colorectal carcinoma

DMEM:

Dulbecco's modified eagle medium

FBS:

Fetal bovine serum

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

PI:

Propidium iodide

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

HEPES:

4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid

dNTP:

Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates

References

  1. Rabeneck L, Horton S, Zauber A, Earle C, Gelband H, Jha P, et al (2015) Cancer: disease control priorities. Disease control priorities, pp 101–119

  2. Manoochehri H, Jalali A, Tanzadehpanah H, Taherkhani A, Saidijam M (2021) Identification of key gene targets for sensitizing colorectal cancer to chemoradiation: an integrative network analysis on multiple transcriptomics data. J Gastrointest Cancer 53:1–20

    Google Scholar 

  3. Nejad ASM, Fotouhi F, Mehrbod P, Keshavarz M, Alikhani MY, Ghaemi A (2020) Oncolytic effects of Hitchner B1 strain of newcastle disease virus against cervical cancer cell proliferation is mediated by the increased expression of cytochrome C, autophagy and apoptotic pathways. Microb Pathog 147:104438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Daneshpour S, Kefayat AH, Mofid MR, Rad SR, Darani HY (2019) Effect of hydatid cyst fluid antigens on induction of apoptosis on breast cancer cells. Adv Biomed Res 8:27

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. O’Connell MJ, Campbell ME, Goldberg RM, Grothey A, Seitz J-F, Benedetti JK et al (2008) Survival following recurrence in stage II and III colon cancer: findings from the ACCENT data set. J Clin Oncol 14:2336–2341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM (2010) Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 127(12):2893–2917

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Barati N, Nikpoor AR, Mosaffa F, Razazan A, Badiee A, Motavallihaghi SM et al (2022) AE36 HER2/neu-derived peptide linked to positively charged liposomes with CpG-ODN as an effective therapeutic and prophylactic vaccine for breast cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 67:102904

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Akgül H, Tez M, Ünal AE, Keşkek M, Sayek İ, Özçelik T (2003) Echinococcus against cancer: why not? Cancer 98(9):1998–1999

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Yousofi Darani H, Soozangar N, Khorami S, Taji F, Yousofi M, Shirzad H (2012) Hydatid cyst protoscolices induce cell death in WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells and inhibit the proliferation of baby hamster kidney fibroblasts in vitro. J Parasitol Res 2012:304183

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Reza HAM, Rreza G, Nastaran B, Mousa M (2019) Renal hydatid cyst; a rare infectious disease. Oxford Med case Rep 2019(3):omz011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Aziz A, Zhang W, Li J, Loukas A, McManus DP, Mulvenna J (2011) Proteomic characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid from sheep, cattle and humans. J Proteomics 74(9):1560–1572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lindquist S, Craig EA (1988) The heat-shock proteins. Annu Rev Genet 22(1):631–677

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Newport G, Culpepper J, Agabian N (1988) Parasite heat-shock proteins. Parasitol Today 4(11):306–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Berriel E, Russo S, Monin L, Festari MF, Berois N, Fernández G et al (2013) Antitumor activity of human hydatid cyst fluid in a murine model of colon cancer. Sci World J 2013:230176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Shahbazi AE, Saidijam M, Maghsood AH, Matini M, Haghi MM, Fallah M (2020) Genotyping of fresh and Parafinized human hydatid cysts using nad1 and cox1 genes in Hamadan Province, west of Iran. Iran J Parasitol 15(2):259

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Aref N, Shirzad H, Yousefi M, Darani H (2012) Effect of different hydatid cyst molecules on hela and vero cell lines growth in vitro. J Immunodefic Disor 2:1

    Google Scholar 

  17. Chookami MB, Sharafi SM, Sefiddashti RR, Jafari R, Bahadoran M, Pestechian N et al (2016) Effect of two hydatid cyst antigens on the growth of melanoma cancer in C57/black mice. J Parasit Dis 40(4):1170–1173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Banihashemi SM, Soleymani E, Abdizadeh R, Motavalli Haghi M, Khalili B (2020) Intestinal protozoan infections in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Shahrekord the central southwest of Iran in 2018. Int J Epidemiol Res 7(4):144–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Osinaga E (2007) Expression of cancer-associated simple mucin-type O-glycosylated antigens in parasites. IUBMB Life 59(4–5):269–273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sborgi L, Barrera-Vilarmau S, Obregón P, De Alba E (2010) Characterization of a novel interaction between Bcl-2 members Diva and Harakiri. PLoS ONE 5(12):e15575

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Naseri MH, Mahdavi M, Davoodi J, Tackallou SH, Goudarzvand M, Neishabouri SH (2015) Up regulation of Bax and down regulation of Bcl2 during 3-NC mediated apoptosis in human cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 15(1):1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Rahimi H, Sadjjadi S, Sarkari B (2011) Performance of antigen B isolated from different hosts and cyst locations in diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. Iran J Parasitol 6(1):12

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Montazeri M, Emami S, Asgarian-Omran H, Azizi S, Sharif M, Sarvi S et al (2019) In vitro and in vivo evaluation of kojic acid against Toxoplasma gondii in experimental models of acute toxoplasmosis. Exp Parasitol 200:7–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Keshavarz M, Nejad ASM, Esghaei M, Bokharaei-Salim F, Dianat-Moghadam H, Keyvani H et al (2020) Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus reduces growth of cervical cancer cell by inducing apoptosis. Saudi J Biol Sci 27(1):47–52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Tanzadehpanah H, Mahaki H, Moradi M, Afshar S, Rajabi O, Najafi R et al (2018) Human serum albumin binding and synergistic effects of gefitinib in combination with regorafenib on colorectal cancer cell lines. Colorectal Cancer 7(2):CRC03

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Motavallihaghi S, Khodadadi I, Goudarzi F, Afshar S, Shahbazi AE, Maghsood AH (2022) The role of Acanthamoeba castellanii (T4 genotype) antioxidant enzymes in parasite survival under H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Parasitol Int 87:102523

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Rieger A, Nelson K, Konowalchuk J, Barreda D (2011) Modified annexin V. propidium iodide apoptosis assay for accurate

  28. Andree H, Reutelingsperger C, Hauptmann R, Hemker HC, Hermens WT, Willems G (1990) Binding of vascular anticoagulant alpha (VAC alpha) to planar phospholipid bilayers. J Biol Chem 265(9):4923–4928

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Vermes I, Haanen C, Steffens-Nakken H, Reutellingsperger C (1995) A novel assay for apoptosis flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on early apoptotic cells using fluorescein labelled annexin V. J Immunol Methods 184(1):39–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Moradi M, Najafi R, Amini R, Solgi R, Tanzadehpanah H, Esfahani AM et al (2019) Remarkable apoptotic pathway of hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion venom on CT26 cell line. Cell Biol Toxicol 35(4):373–385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Shojaeian A, Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A, Banitalebi-Dehkordi M (2020) Increased in vitro migration of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells toward acellular foreskin treated with bacterial derivatives of monophosphoryl lipid A or supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Hum Cell 33(1):10–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Shojaeian A, Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A, Banitalebi-Dehkordi M (2019) Migration gene expression of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: a comparison between monophosphoryl lipid a and supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Int J Mol Cell Med 8(2):154–160

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Shojaeian A, Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A, Banitalebi-Dehkordi M (2020) Monophosphoryl lipid A and retinoic acid combinations increased germ cell differentiation markers expression in human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in an in vitro ovine acellular testis scaffold. Int J Mol Cell Med 9(4):288–296

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ashrafi Dehkordi K, Asadi-Samani M, Shojaeian A, Mahmoudian-Sani M-R (2022) Decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in human B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia following miR-221 inhibition through modulation of p27 expression. Egypt J Med Hum Genet 23(1):130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Saffari-Chaleshtori J, Shojaeian A, Heidarian E, Shafiee SM. Inhibitory effects of bilirubin on colonization and migration of A431 and SK-MEL-3 skin cancer cells compared with human dermal fibroblasts (HDF)

  36. Alavi-Farzaneh B, Shojaeian A, Banitalebi-Dehkordi M, Mirahmadi F, Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A, Ghorbanpour A, et al (2021) Effects of xenogen mesenchymal stem cells and cryo-platelet gel on intractable wound healing in animal model (Rat). Anti-Inflamm Anti-Allergy Agents Med Chem (Formerly Curr Med Chem-Anti-Inflamm Anti-Allergy Agents) 20(4):344–352

  37. Feng M, Cheng X (2017) Parasite-associated cancers (blood flukes/liver flukes). Infect Agents Assoc Cancers: Epidemiol Mol Biol. 193–205

  38. Kang Y-J, Jo J-O, Cho M-K, Yu H-S, Leem S-H, Song KS et al (2013) Trichinella spiralis infection reduces tumor growth and metastasis of B16–F10 melanoma cells. Vet Parasitol 196(1–2):106–113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Darani HY, Yousefi M (2012) Parasites and cancers: parasite antigens as possible targets for cancer immunotherapy. Future Oncol 8(12):1529–1535

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Guan W, Zhang X, Wang X, Lu S, Yin J, Zhang J (2019) Employing parasite against cancer: a lesson from the canine tapeworm Echinococcus granulocus. Front Pharmacol 10:1137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Ranasinghe SL, Boyle GM, Fischer K, Potriquet J, Mulvenna JP, McManus DP (2018) Kunitz type protease inhibitor EgKI-1 from the canine tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus as a promising therapeutic against breast cancer. PLoS ONE 13(8):e0200433

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Trinchieri G (2015) Cancer immunity: lessons from infectious diseases. J Infect Dis 212(suppl_1):S67–S73

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Yong W, Heath D, Savage T (1979) Possible antigenic similarity between pulmonary carcinoma and cysts of Echinococcus granulosus. BMJ 1(6176):1463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Zhang W, Ross AG, McManus DP (2008) Mechanisms of immunity in hydatid disease: implications for vaccine development. J Immunol 181(10):6679–6685

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Gottstein B, Soboslay P, Ortona E, Wang J, Siracusano A, Vuitton D (2017) Immunology of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis (AE and CE). Adv Parasitol 96:1–54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Tez S, Tez M (2015) Echinococcus and cancer: unsolved mystery. Parasite Immunol 8(37):426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Noya V, Bay S, Festari MF, García EP, Rodriguez E, Chiale C et al (2013) Mucin-like peptides from Echinococcus granulosus induce antitumor activity. Int J Oncol 43(3):775–784

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Research Center of Deputy of Research, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.

Funding

This work is a part of research project and was financially supported by Deputy of Research, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (Grant No.: 140004012703).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Seyedmousa Motavallihaghi

  2. Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran

    Hamid Tanzadehpanah

  3. Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Sara Soleimani Asl

  4. Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Ali Shojaeian

  5. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran

    Milad Yousefimashouf

  6. Vice Chancellor for Research and Technology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Nastaran Barati

  7. Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Nastaran Barati

Authors
  1. Seyedmousa Motavallihaghi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hamid Tanzadehpanah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sara Soleimani Asl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ali Shojaeian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Milad Yousefimashouf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Nastaran Barati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

We declare that we contributed significantly toward the research study; SM, NB designed the experiments. HT, SS, and AS performed the experiments. SM, AS, and MY wrote the manuscript, and AS revised the manuscript. SM, NB carried out the data analysis. All authors reviewed, considered, and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nastaran Barati.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Motavallihaghi, S., Tanzadehpanah, H., Soleimani Asl, S. et al. In vitro anticancer activity of hydatid cyst fluid on colon cancer cell line (C26). Egypt J Med Hum Genet 24, 15 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43042-023-00394-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43042-023-00394-1

Keywords